It's all of those, right?
In the sense that most mothers or wives could always have one more child, yes. But in terms of what has changed recently, no. Mothers in America have more children today than mothers did in the 1990s. There are just fewer of them, because there are fewer young people coupling up and marrying.
Allow women to delay their non-military national service until they're 25, and wave it if they have children by then
As a 'stick' that could well work. Deferments for getting drafted to Vietnam did in fact increase fertility by driving up the number of first births. Then when Nixon removed the exemption they went down again.
Nope. Mothers in America have more children today than they did 30 years ago. But coupling (and therefore fertility) has been falling worldwide, driving down fertility.
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