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Notes -
In most Asimov stories and novels, the robots appear to be human intelligence at best. The plot of most robot short stories revolves around humans debugging robots which try to follow the Three Laws with limited cognitive capacity.
There are two stories I recall where a non-robotic AI can be reasonably thought to be smarter than the average human, one is the galactic AC in "The Last Question", the other is another short story about an Earth-bound administrative AI which ends up plotting to reduce the power of individuals who are opposed to it. There is also a standard humanoid robot running for president, but that is hardly taking over the world.
The instance you think of are likely the robots in one of the later books from the space detective series, which actually links that series to Foundation. But the edge which the robots develop -- and which allows them invent the Zeroth Law -- is not superintelligence, buttelepathy .
The events in the Foundation series strongly imply that the descendants of these robots are still not superintelligent.After all, they allow the Mule -- who is himself a telepath, but not superintelligent -- to escape their planet and take over the Foundation. They leave the cleanup to the Second Foundation.
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