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It doesn't get brought up too often, but the history of Islam (although, generally not the letter of the Quran, but in some of the hadith) as I've seen it described by historians has a tint of Arab ethno-supremacy that continues to play out in the present. There are the obvious bits: heavy ties to the geography of Medina and Mecca, or that Shia Islam believes explicitly in divine leadership from the blood line of -- the Arab -- Ali. But the history of slavery in the Islamic world is probably at least as complicated as slavery in the West. Notably, Muslims could not be enslaved, but conversion to Islam didn't liberate existing slaves, so the growing Islamic empires starting in the seventh century looked a lot like Arab slavemasters of non-Arab slaves. To a large extent you still see this playing out with conflicts in the whole MENA region (although plenty of Muslim states don't consider themselves Arab, Turkey and Iran probably most notably). Look at Darfur in Sudan, which was pretty explicitly a Arab-led ethnic cleansing, or how some Arabic versions of the Palestinian "From the river to the sea..." specifies that the land should be Arab rather than free.
This isn't to say that all, or even most, of Islam expresses these values (the text of the Quran is supposed to be pretty even-handed), but to make a claim that, similar to how Christianity is often coded as implicitly White (and much of Europe is historically Christian), Islam often codes as implicitly Arab. Neither claim really applies universally, since there are Christians in India and South America or Muslims in Indonesia that don't really fit the mold.
I remember reading a discussion online once, talking about how a number of Arab cultural elements, while not explicitly part of Islam, seem to have diffused out into the broader Muslim world. (The one of particular focus in that particular discussion was their patterns of cousin marriage.) One factor brought up as a likely major contributor was the Hajj.
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I'm not sure this is on the same level. The only reason for this seems to be "a lot of Christians were white" and "white Christians made religious art portraying holy men and women as white," and that the same people who dislike Christianity also tend to dislike"whiteness" so the two get linked. Meanwhile, in Islam, Arab blood really does seem to have the special status as you described.
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