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Notes -
I mean for some value of 'mostly' -- but it's measurable all over the place:
https://web.archive.org/web/20210404123801/https://www.pmda.go.jp/drugs/2021/P20210212001/672212000_30300AMX00231_I100_1.pdf
(Japanese report is in Japanese, but the pharmokinetics tables on pgs 16-17 are in English; notable areas with high concentrations of the nanoparticles are the liver, adrenals, ovaries, and bone marrow)
Other vaccines don't cause your cells to produce viral subunits; this is the new part, which carries unknowns.
The first part is all true -- but it doesn't seem to add up to much of a rebuttal, given the novelty of the mRNA aspect.
Not sure about marrow, but COVID can infect liver, adrenals, and gonads.
In what percentage of cases?
Cursory search doesn't reveal a study that studies exactly what you want to find, that is, percentage of uptake by extrapulmonary organs/percentage of cases with uptake in such organs.
There is reasonable evidence, however, for extrapulmonary infection-related changes during COVID for patients that look suspiciously like direct infection, though, which leads to multi-organ failure in some cases (e.g. 36% of autopsied patients in this study, and multi-organ viral infection found in autopsies. This proves less - it might not be directly caused by cells infected with the virus, especially since some are just - but some of it likely is. Qualitatively, we see extrapulmonary infection via the stated mechanism - virus gets into bloodstream, ACE2 is everywhere, etc.
To quote a paper focused on hepatic COVID manifestations as an example:
Liver enzyme dysfunction is fairly nonspecific, but change in albumin and bilirubin levels indicate an impact on enzymatic activity and synthetic function of the liver. (There's also a few more interesting things in the paper, but probably out of scope here.)
You could likely find similar things for quite a few organ systems. Not perfect, mind you, and many drawing data mostly from autopsies (which would select for severe cases), but it gives you a picture of how widespread the infection goes; the GI survey, for example, finds 41% patients having fecal shedding of virus (though the study also selected for people with GI symptoms).
This is not even comparing like-to-like, given that we would be comparing estimated uptake on the one hand and metabolic dysregulation on the other, when I don't think there's been any evidence or studies on multi-organ dysregulation and/or failurepost mRNA vaccine. Purely speculating here, I would expect that COVID invasion of extrapulmonary organs that nevertheless don't result in significant dysregulation and/or organ damage in mild cases to be quite a bit higher than levels of active multi-organ disease.
It's also not including indirect effects from COVID that are nevertheless dangerous, like RAAS system dysregulation from ACE2 downregulation post infection, or cytokine storm, or clotting, or whatever weird shit it does to the vasculature. (IIRC quite a lot of the severe illness comes down to COVID impacts on the vascular system, which predictably has impacts everywhere even if it doesn't preferentially infect organ X or Y.)
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