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Culture War Roundup for the week of January 5, 2026

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There's no single definition of terrorism, but she was part of a direct action campaign that used violent confrontations with ICE to further their political goal to not enforce immigration laws.

Most terorrism definitions don't require killing, just violence.

This paper contains a wide range of definitions, I'll quote a few:

1998/2017 Bruce Hoffman: Terrorism is “ineluctably political in aims and motives; violent – or, equally important, threatening violence; designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target; conducted either by an organisation with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure (whose members wear no uniform, or identifying insignia) or by individuals or a small collection of individuals influenced, motivated, or inspired by the ideological aims or example of some existent terrorist movement or its leaders, or both; and perpetrated by a subnational group or nonstate entity.”

1987 Walter Laqueur: “Most authors agree that terrorism is the use or the threat of use of violence, a method of combat, or a strategy to achieve certain targets, that it aims to induce a state of fear in the victim, that it is ruthless and does not conform with humanitarian policy, and/or to destabilise and even overthrow government.”

1988 New Academic Consensus Definition (A.P. Schmid): Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group, or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal, or political reasons, whereby – in contrast to assassination - the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population and serve as message generators. Threat- and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organisation), (imperiled) victims, and main targets are used to manipulate the main target audience(s), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought.

I suppose a major point of contention is whether the direct action of anti-ICE is committed only for its first order effects of frustrating the specific enforcement actions happening at that time, or if they think that their acts taken together will have second-order effects that advance their political goals.