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Hmm, I think you're talking about two different things. One is the launch, from Earth, of a nuclear-powered rocket (e.g. NERVA). Even if it contains hundreds of kilos of uranium, it's a lot fairer to compare that to an A-bomb like Little Boy (64kg) rather than just the primer of an H-bomb. And, like you said, in an accident a lot less of it is going to vaporize than it would in a proper nuclear bomb.
But I wasn't talking about the payload at all. I guess you're thinking that you'd want to lift 100 tons of U-235 to orbit for space-based nuclear rockets? I agree that's a different kind of risk. And I'm not even sure how valuable nuclear rockets would be for long space trips (there are lots of options once you're up there).
"Current" designs (well, currently available 1960's designs) of nuclear powered rockets aren't useful for launching from the surface. While they have by far the best efficiency/specific impulse of all engines available today, they have catastrophically terrible thrust to weight ratios. Absolutely useless engines for first stage and even most second stage applications. You'd only want to use them in space - then their low thrust doesn't matter, and they use their high fuel efficiency to cut down time of a Mars transfer by a factor of
3.The vast majority of atmospheric tests where tactical warheads with a boosted fission core. Those - just like H-bomb primers - always contain subcritical amounts of plutonium (4kg) for efficiency and safety (they can only fission if explosively collapsed correctly into a critical mass) reasons. Pretty much the only devices with larger amounts of fissile material are H-bombs with second stages and tampers. But even those are much, much lighter than Little Boy, and they weren't tested all that much.
Extremely valuable! Even the most primitive and conservative designs outperform chemical rockets by several hundred percent (again, in specific impulse). More batshit designs (nuclear pulse propulsion and nuclear salt water rockets) are probably technically doable today, and offer orders of magnitude more specific impulse. Those would actually unlock the outer planets and the asteroid belt, and maybe Alpha Centauri.
Sustained fusion is already difficult enough in containment, actual fusion propulsion is probably orders of magnitude more complex than that. I have no hopes to still be alive when it arrives.
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