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Notes -
This entire theory depends on market structure. The more you have economies of scale the more you can punish new entrants to limit competition.
In tech platforms it’s even more pronounced. Google wasn’t paying Apple tens of billions a year to be the default search engine for nothing. Microsoft or maybe a startup could have came in. Then the start up gets more data to improve their product and makes money selling ads to hire more engineers and flywheel takes off.
The models you talk about play really well for constant costs industries but not nearly as well for high fixed costs low marginal costs businesses and other industry structures.
For instance say a software costs $300 million to develop and has $0 marginal costs once developed. That company most of the time could use monopolistic pricing but if they smelled a start up entering the market they can slash pricing for a time to discourage their entrance and development of competing software. Something like this happens in niche markets and perhaps some rare disease drugs.
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