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Your friendly neighborhood hapa, reporting in (though I hear 'wasian' is the new hip term).
I grew up with more or less perfect OPOL i.e. my mom only spoke to me in Mandarin and my dad only spoke to me in English. I speak the former with no discernable [foreign] accent, but with a limited vocabulary and reading skills. I would say my level is quite a bit higher than the average 2nd generation Chinese-American's. Family dinners growing up were some combination of your possibilities 3 and 4. My mom would address me directly in Mandarin and my dad directly or myself and my dad collectively in English, and I would address my parents collectively in English, but my mom directly in Mandarin. There were essentially always 3 conversations happening in parallel: one between me and my mom in Mandarin that my dad didn't understand more than a few words of, one between me and my dad in English that was somewhat above my mom's English level and about subjects in which she had little interest, and a third collective discussion in simpler English.
I'd say that this arrangement can be thought of as one instance of Tolstoy's unhappy families, but is not uniquely bad compared to many other possibilities e.g. divorce, abuse, absent father. When there are serious issues, the ultimate cause is usually something else i.e. if you denigrate your spouse in a language they don't understand, is it your choice of language or the lack of respect that's the main problem? Intercultural marriages typically have multiple sources of friction, and speaking the same language won't eliminate them.
That's not my understanding, but I am of course biased in this matter.
This was the case for me, though my grandmother didn't even speak Mandarin that well, so communication was still difficult.
This is the crux of it. Some immigrants recognize themselves as being here for ideological reasons e.g. escaping communism, corruption, lawlessness, and consciously intend to leave the trappings of their birthplace behind, and other immigrants are here because their friend in New York offered them a job at his restaurant that paid more than whatever they were making at the time, and they spared about as much thought to the generational consequences of moving to a new nation as you would if you got a good job offer in the next town over. Why would the latter sort of person think of their language and traditions as something bad to be shed?
My parents were never going to form a cohesive family unit under any circumstances, so I consider it better to have at least obtained a useful skill out of it.
Do Hasidic Jews count as having gone "fully Amish"?
Not speaking the same language can be a feature—not a bug—for relationship/marital bliss.
You have plausible deniability in pretending not to understand your girlfriend/wife’s whining, nagging, and/or shit-tests. Long, protracted arguments where tempers and voices increasingly rise are also less likely to ensue.
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Knowing Mandarin, the pool of women you can date and marry opens up considerably. A useful advantage if you are otherwise mostly surrounded by feminist women.
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