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I know that slavery was integral to the economy of the southern states, but when people say "slavery built America", it seems like they're implying that it was integral to the northern states, too. My biases, which I am actively seeking to counteract, tell me that anyone who says slavery built America is ignoring history.. but y'know, I don't actually know that much about history. I just remember learning in high school that the southern economy was agricultural and sustained by unpaid labor, while the north wasn't agricultural and didn't have any financial need for slavery.
How important was slavery to the north, financially speaking? If the textile factories weren't able to get cotton from the south, would they have ceased to be, or would they have just gotten cotton elsewhere? (Like from overseas?)
Other commenters are missing the point of GDP by labeling slavery as non-investment spending. Money changed hands, so someone saw material benefit from slavery. The question is whom. These foreign trade charts suggest we mostly exported crude materials until the late 1800s, but it wasn’t much of our GDP. On the other hand, this essay notes that US cotton provided something like 75% of British textiles. That’s potentially a lot of money flowing into the US.
But I suspect it’s a moot point. “Built on slavery” has legs because of the ideological gap between American founding principles and the peculiar institution. It’s an attack on Jefferson, Washington, etc. who saw personal benefit. Any overall economic effect is less important given the particular reverence of the American right for these figures.
No one denies that slavery brought in money, but the claim is that far more money would have been brought in if there had been a market based labor system. As compared with the alternative, slavery was a net loss.
This really does not address the point, because it is entirely possible for both of these to be true:
As you say, compared with the alternative, slavery was a net loss"; and
Slaves "built America" to some degree (BTW< IMHO, that degree is quite small)
In other words, slavery did exist, it was used for labor instead of market-based labor, and hence slave labor was responsible for X percent of US GDP being what it is today. That is true, even if current US GDP would be even higher, had market-based labor been used in the South (which, BTW, I agree is very likely the case).
Similarly, if I hire Bob to build my house, he built my house, even if Joe would have built a better house cheaper and faster.
It all depends on what the point of saying "America was built on slavery" is. My impression is that the goal of this movement is to establish that the USA's extraordinary economic prowess and status as the premier world power is due to (would not have existed without) its early reliance on slavery, rather than to its unique founding principles or constitution. If this is true, then the case for forfeiting its those founding principles to atone for the evils of slavery through e.g. reparations or affirmative action is strengthened.
(or it's enviable geographic position, and the misfortune of the prior inhabitants to not have cohabitated with domesticated livestock in cities, leaving them vulnerable to a lot of diseases the Europeans brought with them.)
Geographic positions (and natural resources) have remarkably little link with economic development, which is why e.g. New Zealand is more prosperous than Brazil, or places like Albania and Moldova can be poor while being close to places like Switzerland and Luxembourg.
Au contraire; geography has everything to do with economic development, just not in the most simple, straight-forward ways. Brazil has surprisingly crappy topography for development, with the Amazon jungle being surprisingly infertile, and major mountain ranges limiting the ability to move goods from the interior (such as it is) to the coasts.
The U.S. has the Missouri/Misouri/Tennessee/Ohio River systems draining incredibly productive agricultural land and moving its goods cheaply, several amazing harbors on each coast, examples of just about every single type of topography in the world (and the variety and quantity of natural resources to match), natural moats to the east and west, deserts to the south, and forests and tundra to the north. While it's possible to screw up that position, it's really hard; kind of like how France's agricultural productivity made it by far the population hub of the European continent in the late middle ages, and thus it was a power player in European politics even when its politics were a horrifying mess.
That's my point, and that such a position is not necessary for rapid economic development. And it's not that hard, e.g. Russia has lagged despite the Volga, Don, extremely fertile soil in the south, and massive quantities of oil, natural gas, and other commodities.
There's no reliable link from geography to economic development, especially the sort of development that the US has achieved. Socio-cultural explanations are essential: the only comparable successes in the 19th century had similiar cultures of bourgeois values (where an enterprising commoner could rise to high status) and policies, even when geographically very different from the US e.g. the UK or Germany.
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