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naraburns  nihil supernum  1yr ago (text post)   31752 thread views

Culture War Roundup for the week of January 2, 2023

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B.C. top court broadens sentencing law aimed at reducing indigenous incarceration rates

British Columbia’s top court has broadened the sweep of a sentencing law meant to reduce incarceration rates among indigenous peoples, ruling that indigenous-specific sentencing can be applied even to offenders who have become disconnected from Indigenous communities and are only minimally aware of their heritage.

...

The decision reduces a five-year prison sentence to four in a case involving an unprovoked, near-fatal stabbing.

...

The offender, David Kehoe, is a Métis man who prosecutors argued had not been aware until recently of his indigenous background. He was convicted of aggravated assault after he used a kitchen knife to stab a man who had played loud music in the parking lot of an apartment building where Mr. Kehoe lived.

Mr. Kehoe, who was 30 at the time of the 2018 stabbing, had a record of 33 prior offences as a youth and as an adult. (The victim suffered a lacerated liver and punctured lung, and received life-saving surgery. He did not submit a victim-impact statement at Mr. Kehoe’s sentencing hearing.)

Under federal sentencing law, judges must pay particular attention to the circumstances of indigenous offenders. The Supreme Court interpreted that law in a case called Gladue (which involved a fatal stabbing) to mean that the history of colonization has harmed indigenous peoples, and that they are therefore entitled to special efforts to reduce their overrepresentation in the penal system. Social workers and others write “Gladue reports” for judges at sentencing time to detail indigenous-related background factors.

...

As of Christmas Day, 34 per cent of federal male prisoners were indigenous, and among female prisoners the rate was 48 per cent, according to the Office of the Correctional Investigator. Indigenous peoples account for a little over 5 per cent of the country’s population. In 1997, they made up 3 per cent of the population and 12 per cent of men in federal prison.

...

B.C. prosecutor Grant Lindsey noted in his arguments that Mr. Kehoe’s parents and grandparents had not gone to residential schools. His criminality was related in part to growing up with a non-indigenous stepfather who used and trafficked drugs, Mr. Lindsey said. Justice Alan Ross of the B.C. Supreme Court accepted that there was little nexus between Mr. Kehoe’s indigenous background and his crime, and sentenced him to five years in prison.

...

Justice Marchand, who was appointed by the Trudeau government to the appeal court in 2021, added it was not “simply a coincidence” that Mr. Kehoe’s Métis mother had fallen into an unstable, dysfunctional environment. He cited the report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls to make that point.

Some additional background. In Canada, indigenous people have a lot of problems. They tend to be poor, especially if they live on reserves. Many of them have drug and alcohol abuse problems, and they commit a lot of crime, especially violent crime. There's a lot of teen pregnancy, and in general, many of them live what most people consider to be highly dysfunctional lives.

It has recently become accepted wisdom that this is definitely entirely due to their historical mistreatment, especially their attendance at residential schools, which were designed to forcibly assimilate indigenous children into Western culture. The evidence supporting this is weak.

I have a few questions about this and similar cases.

Why are prison sentences so low in Canada to begin with? You often hear cases where someone kills multiple people and they get sentenced to under ten years in prison. After accounting for credit for time served and parole, they're often only in prison for a few years. Is there evidence supporting this approach to reducing crime?

Is there any reason why the optimal sentences for indigenous convicts are lower than for non-indigenous convicts?

Does it really make sense to blame the offender's dysfunctional background on his indigenous ancestry?

Does it even make sense to blame his criminal behaviour on his dysfunctional background?

Why are crime rates among the indigenous increasing?

Gladue is awful and has been a disaster for indigenous Canadians; it doesn't just affect sentencing, it also makes convicting people more difficult because it can be used to "shield" juries from information that may prejudice them (like prior offences). But because the policy actually makes life worse for indigenous communities, it becomes a self-reinforcing justification for doubling down.

There was an awful incident a few years ago in Hamilton where an indigenous man high on meth shot a Good Samaritan who had intervened to stop him bullying an old man. Gladue provisions were introduced into the trial to prevent the jury from knowing about the killer's previous convictions for assault and weapons offences, and this measure was subsequently upheld in court. In a darkly ironic twist, while the killer was found not guilty, the two paramedics who came to the scene got 6 months of house arrest for mishandling the medical treatment.

I don't see anything in this summary of Gladue about the admissibility of prior convictions, and the prohibition is perfectly normal in common law countries. Eg, in the US, the general rule is that prior convictions are inadmissible except under fairly narrow circumstances. In fact, character evidence in general is usually inadmissible. See, eg, Fed Rule of Evidence 404 ["(1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of any other crime, wrong, or act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character. (2) Permitted Uses. This evidence may be admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident."].

So, a prior crime is inadmissible to show that the defendant has a propensity to commit crimes or that particular crime, but if the defendant has a distinctive M.O., the prior crime can be admitted to show he was the perpetrator. Or, eg, if I am caught breaking into a woman's bedroom at night and claim that I was merely trying to steal something, my prior rape of a woman in her bedroom might be admitted to show that I intended to commit a rape.

This law has apparently been in effect since 1995, so this is not exactly news.

Is there any reason why the optimal sentences for indigenous convicts are lower than for non-indigenous convicts?

The question is not whether the law is optimal; it is whether it is just. The law says: "(e) all available sanctions, other than imprisonment, that are reasonable in the circumstances and consistent with the harm done to victims or to the community should be considered for all offenders, with particular attention to the circumstances of Aboriginal offenders." I don't know enough about the history of treatment of Aboriginals in Canada, nor enough about the actual effect of the law on actual sentencing, to opine one way or th other.

Does it really make sense to blame the offender's dysfunctional background on his indigenous ancestry?

Surely that depends on the individual. Here is the operative law:

I pause here to note that both learned defence counsel and Crown counsel acknowledge that, given the totality of the circumstances, a custodial disposition is necessary. But the court goes on to state that it is important for the court, when sentencing any individual offender, to have particular consideration given to the systematic racism and effects of colonization that have been foisted upon Indigenous persons in this country for decades. In that regard, the court has made it clear that in some circumstances, this should be considered a mitigating factor and might result in a disposition that might not otherwise be appropriate for non‑Indigenous offenders.

[27] However, at para. 78 in Gladue, the court had this to say:

[78] In describing the effect of s. 718.2(e) in this way, we do not mean to suggest that, as a general practice, aboriginal offenders must always be sentenced in a manner which gives greatest weight to the principles of restorative justice, and less weight to goals such as deterrence, denunciation, and separation. It is unreasonable to assume that aboriginal peoples themselves do not believe in the importance of these latter goals, and even if they do not, that such goals must not predominate in appropriate cases. Clearly there are some serious offences and some offenders for which and for whom separation, denunciation, and deterrence are fundamentally relevant.

[28] The court went on to state at the next paragraph the following:

[79] Yet, even where an offence is considered serious, the length of the term of imprisonment must be considered. In some circumstances the length of the sentence of an aboriginal offender may be less and in others the same as that of any other offender. ...

[29] Then finally at para. 80:

[80] As with all sentencing decisions, the sentencing of aboriginal offenders must proceed on an individual (or a case-by-case) basis: For this offence, committed by this offender, harming this victim, in this community, what is the appropriate sanction under the Criminal Code? ...[Emphasis in original]

[30] Some years later, the Supreme Court of Canada in Ipeelee revisited these principles that were enunciated in Gladue and expressed some concern with the effectiveness of s. 718.2(e) in sentencing decisions, but generally accepted and acknowledged the statements contained in Gladue.

[31] At para. 72, the court stated the following:

[72] ... The methodology set out by this Court in Gladue is designed to focus on those unique circumstances of an Aboriginal offender which could reasonably and justifiably impact on the sentence imposed. Gladue directs sentencing judges to consider: (1) the unique systemic and background factors which may have played a part in bringing the particular Aboriginal offender before the courts ...

[32] At the same time, at para. 75, the Supreme Court of Canada reiterated that that particular provision does not create “a race‑based discount on sentencing.” It states that:

[75] ... The provision does not ask courts to remedy the overrepresentation of Aboriginal people in prisons by artificially reducing incarceration rates. Rather, sentencing judges are required to pay particular attention to the circumstances of Aboriginal offenders in order to endeavour to achieve a truly fit and proper sentence in any particular case. This has been, and continues to be, the fundamental duty of a sentencing judge. ...

[33] These particular principles outlined in Ipeelee and Gladue were recently commented upon by the Ontario Court of Appeal in Altiman, a 2018 [sic ‑ 2019] decision which again acknowledges the necessity to take into consideration the background and history of Indigenous persons in this particular situation; that is, before the courts facing criminal charges.

[34] Being guided by these principles and directions, applying them to the particular circumstances in this case and the victims, and Mr. Thomas's personal circumstances, the question is what is a fit and just sentence that properly reflects all of the relevant fundamental principles of sentencing?

It does not seem to me that there is a whole lot to see here, but perhaps there is; perhaps there is research that attempts to show the effect of the provision on actual sentences is large.

The establishment being largely retarded could explain that, couldn’t it? I mean it’s not totally inconsistent with the rest of their behavior.

Canada always copies whatever American progressives were pushing eventually, even if it doesn't make sense or apply to Canada. The Canada 100 million people thing is stupid, but you can see why the Canadian government would want that, and progressives have been known to push for unsustainable growth without doing the work of the preconditions before.

I suppose this leaves the question of why France, Germany, Holland, Sweden, etc felt such pressing need to import middle easterners and Africans, but powerful business interests benefit from cheap labor and the original plan wasn't to give them citizenship, that came when leftwingers realized they would always vote left. Everything else is ex-post-facto justification, just like hispanic immigration in the USA- they're already here and no one has the stomach to actually change that.

Besides all that, you have fertility rate issues that no one knows how to fix, making big chunks of the political establishment feel like immigration is the only option.

First "Pretendians", now this -- "Schrödindians"?

The blood quantum aspects of it are fascinating -- I think there's actually a good chance that Turpel is (at least) as much an Indian as this guy, but doesn't want to talk about it due to there being bastardry involved.

We really are watching Brazilification unfold in real time -- so long as state capacity to enforce all this silliness erodes at corresponding speed, maybe we'll make it, but this is currently a very uncomfortable juncture.

ETA: side note -- Len Marchand I think is a pretty good judge, but it may be worth noting that he's an (actual) Indian, from a locally prominent family. Not sure if this means he's better equipped to judge who is/isn't an Indian, but the fact that it should matter is just so strange.

I know the clown world meme is played out, but it is hard to not hear the entry of the gladiators when the people who are allegedly on the indigenous people's side are going "hey it's no coincidence his mum fell into a dysfunctional relationship, she's indigenous".

Mr. Kehoe, who was 30 at the time of the 2018 stabbing, had a record of 33 prior offences as a youth and as an adult

I feel like every time some crime gets in the news, the criminal has some absolutely ridiculous number of prior arrests. Yet it is completely accepted common wisdom with anyone you talk to that our judicial system is ridiculously harsh and overly carceral, lenient on white collar crime by comparison and doesn’t offer enough opportunities for rehabilitation. This would seem to be a complete fiction, given that such cases do not seem to be at all unusual.

How is this myth maintained so effectively? Or is there truth to it and my perception is being warped by a small number of examples salient in my mind? I’m not sure what quantifiable data could clear this up for me. Maybe I would be interested in seeing how much average sentences actually are affected by prior convictions. In my mind an ideal justice system should dramatically adjust sentences based on priors. If you have a DUI, an assault and an armed robbery all in separate incidents you should probably be executed IMO. The system needs to be more responsive in classifying people as completely antosocial destructive forces

On one hand, dropping a 5 year sentence to 4 years isn't earth-shattering. Judges have, and often use, greater discretion in sentencing based on whether they had a good morning thusfar.

On the other hand, "same crime, different punishment" will only be tolerated so far. Especially if, after several years, the indiginous incarceration level remains flat & indigenous crime rate rises. (as I would expect, mostly due to early release of serial offenders, with a small reduced deterrent effect)

It's certainly an inducement to try and find that 1/64th Cherokee Princess granny in your family tree (or whatever the Canadian equivalent is).

The most fascinating test of this will be when some white-collar criminal who carried out a fraud worth billions tries this defence: "Your Honour, there's a family tradition that some great-great-great-grandmother was at least part Indigenous, please take this into account when sentencing me".

He’s Métis and wasn’t previously aware of it. As I understand it that is the Canadian equivalent of being 1/64 Cherokee on your great-grandmother’s side.

I would like to think it'll only be tolerated so far, but my guess is that indigenous crime rates will simply be obfuscated or the rise blamed on other factors. After all, the judge pointed to the "missing and murdered indigenous women" report, which fails to mention that more indigenous men are missing and murdered than indigenous women, and seems to be a surprising fact to the Canadians I know.

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